Bipolar Disorder FAQ
(Frequently Asked Questions)

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| Bipolar Disorder Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) File |
| ------------------------------------------------------ |
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| Version: 1.1 |
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| Release Date: 25 September 1996 |
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| Usenet Newsgroups: alt.support.depression.manic (ASDM) |
| soc.support.depression.manic (SSDM) |
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| Maintainers: Barry Campbell ([email protected])  |
| http://webveranda.com/barry/  |
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| Marco Anglesio ([email protected])  |

| |
| Archived at: http://www.moodswing.org/faq.html  |
| http://cspo.queensu.ca/~anglesio/faq  |
| |
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DISCLAIMER AND COPYRIGHT NOTICE 
(IMPORTANT - PLEASE READ)

The information presented in this FAQ is derived from published and unpublished
sources, and from the experiences and contributions of readers of the Usenet
newsgroups alt.support.depression.manic and soc.support.depression.manic. 

Some of it is fact. Some of it is opinion. Some of it might well be 
controversial in some circles. NONE of it should be relied upon as expert
opinion. This FAQ is provided as-is, without any express or implied
warranties. 

While we have made every effort to make it as accurate, responsible, and
helpful as possible, this FAQ is NOT the place to go if you're seeking expert
medical, psychological, or legal advice. The authors, maintainers, and
contributors responsible for the content of this FAQ assume no responsibility
for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the
information contained herein.

If you have questions or concerns, contact a psychiatrist, psychologist,
licensed clinical social worker, pharmacist, nurse, other qualified and
licensed therapist or practitioner, or attorney, as the case may be.

This FAQ may contain short, excerpted material from texts or
electronic media. Where materials are directly quoted, complete references
have been cited. The Bipolar Disorders FAQ has been assembled for educational
and informational purposes only, and with no intent to profit; it is 
distributed free of charge. No violation of U.S. copyright law is intended; all
quotations are made under the "Fair Use" doctrine. All authors of quoted
material retain full copyright protection.

The definitions of disorders used throughout this FAQ are those found in 
"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders," Fourth Edition
(American Psychiatric Association, 1994). To obtain your own copy of this
and other American Psychiatric Association publications in book or digital
form, contact:

American Psychiatric Association
1400 K Street, NW; Suite 1101
Washington, DC 20005-2403

Phone: 1-800-368-5777 (M-F, 9 a.m.-5 p.m., EST)
Fax: 1-202-789-2648
http://www.appi.org/ 

This FAQ may be posted to any USENET newsgroup, on-line service, or BBS,
or pointed to or included on any WWW page, as long as it is posted in its
entirety and includes this copyright statement. 

This FAQ may not be distributed for financial gain.

This FAQ may not be included in commercial collections or compilations
without express permission from the author(s).

ALL MATERIAL HEREIN NOT EXPRESSLY COVERED BY OTHER COPYRIGHT NOTICES IS
COPYRIGHT 1996, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, UNDER UNITED STATES LAW AND THE BERNE
CONVENTION BY THE PRIMARY MAINTAINER, BARRY CAMPBELL ([email protected])  THE
AUTHOR OF ALL UNATTRIBUTED MATERIAL FOR PURPOSES OF THE BERNE CONVENTION IS
BARRY CAMPBELL. THIS FAQ MAY NOT BE USED OR REPRODUCED IN CD-ROM COLLECTIONS,
PRINTED REPRODUCTIONS, OR ANY OTHER MEDIA FORMAT WITHOUT EXPRESS WRITTEN
PERMISSION.

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-----------------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
-----------------


1.0 Introduction and Acknowledgments to Contributors


2.0 Revision history and archive locations


3.0 Definitions (DSM-IV and "Extended")

3.1 What is Bipolar Disorder?
3.2 What is Depression?
3.3 What is Mania?
3.4 What is Hypomania?
3.5 What is the difference between euphoria and dysphoria?
3.6 What is a Mixed State?
3.7 What is Rapid Cycling?
3.8 What are delusions and hallucinations?
3.9 How do you tell unipolar depression and bipolar
disorder apart?
3.10 What is Cyclothymia?
3.11 What is Dysthymic Disorder?
3.12 What is Schizoaffective Disorder?
3.13 What is Seasonal Affective Disorder?
3.14 How do I distinguish between and among all of 
these disorders?


4.0 How can I best take care of myself?

4.1 How can I assess my own mental status?
(Includes: The Goldberg Depression and Mania
Self-Rating Scales)
4.2 What treatment options are available?
4.3 How do I find a good health care provider?
4.4 What medications are commonly used in treatment?
4.5 What "alternative" therapies exist, and are they 
any good?
4.6 How do I pay for all this? (Insurance-related
issues.)
4.7 What are my rights as a patient?
4.8 What are my rights as a person with Bipolar Affective
Disorder?
4.9 How can I tell my (friends, family, coworkers)? Should I?
4.10 Resource organizations


5.0 How do I help a friend or loved one?

5.1 What to do (and what not to do) when someone you care
about is diagnosed
5.2 What to do (and what not to do) if you suspect that
someone you care about needs help, but resists
seeking it for themselves.


6.0 Resources for education and support

6.1 Internet Resources
6.2 Books 
6.3 Magazine and Journal Articles


7.0 Controversial Issues - making sense of them

7.1 To drug, or not to drug?
7.2 Should I participate in a study or other 
research program?
7.3 How do I evaluate "alternative" therapies?
7.4 The Psychiatric Survivors' Movement
7.5 Critics of Psychiatry and Psychology


8.0 Is there life (and hope) after diagnosis?

8.1 Coping hints from readers and participants
8.2 Research trends and directions




-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.0 Introduction and Acknowledgments to Contributors
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Bipolar Disorder FAQ is based largely on the FAQ from the Usenet newsgroup
alt.support.depression.manic. The alt.support.depression.manic FAQ was
originated and maintained until recently by PsyberNut/Bipolar Bear/Scott
([email protected]), and this FAQ document contains much of his original work,
essentially unmodified; in particular, the "more complete list of symptoms"
sections are his writing. We gratefully acknowledge our enormous debt to
Scott, and wish him the very best.

Many readers of alt.support.depression.manic (ASDM) and
soc.support.depression.manic (SSDM) have contributed directly and indirectly to
the development of this FAQ; many more have read it and offered comments and
criticism. So have readers and contributors to the PENDULUM mailing list.

A few contributors, in particular, must be singled out for their extraordinary
contributions. Thanks to:

Joy Ikelman ([email protected]),  who allowed us to ransack her "Media File," an
excellent resource for finding mood disorder information and references in
print. Joy also completely rewrote and updated the "definitions" section of
the FAQ, based on DSM-IV, and read early drafts, giving many helpful editorial
criticisms along the way.

Millie Niss ([email protected]),  for her well-researched
contributions to the Drug Therapy section of the FAQ.

Dr. Ivan K. Goldberg, M.D ([email protected])  for his permission to reproduce
the Goldberg Depression and Mania Scales.


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.0 Revision history and archive locations
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

This is Version 1.1 of the Bipolar Disorder FAQ, released 25 September 1996.

This FAQ is posted periodically to the Usenet newsgroups
alt.support.depression.manic and soc.support.depression.manic.

The current version of the Bipolar Disorder FAQ may always be found on
the World Wide Web at:

http://www.moodswing.org/faq.html  (in the US) and
http://cspo.queensu.ca/~anglesio/faq  (in Canada)

We're always looking for folks who are willing to locate the FAQ for
us in their own countries. The Web IS international by definition,
but it's always nicer to hit a nearby server if you can. :-)


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.0 Definitions (DSM-IV and "Extended")
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

There are many different mood disorders, and discussing them all thoroughly is
beyond the scope of this FAQ.

This FAQ focuses on the mood disorders which tend to be characterized by "mood
swings": alternating cycles of abnormally depressed and elevated (manic)
moods. You're up, you're down, you're up, you're down, you're up... and some
(or most) of the time, you're in the middle, trying to figure out what happened.

While reading these definitions, it may be useful to think of Bipolar Disorder
and related disorders as existing along a continuum of "affects," or moods.


------------------------------
3.1 What is Bipolar Disorder?
------------------------------

Bipolar Disorder is the medical name for Manic Depression; at various times, it
has also been known as Bipolar Affective Disorder and Manic-Depressive Illness.
It is a mood disorder that affects approximately 1% of the adult population of
the United States--and roughly the same percentage in other countries, as far
as we know. :-) 

It's in the same family of illnesses (called "affective disorders") as clinical
depression. However, unlike clinical depression, which seems to affect far more
women than men, Bipolar Disorder seems to affect men and women in approximately
equal numbers.

It's characterized by mood swings. Though there is no known cure, most forms
of bipolar disorder are eminently treatable with medication and supportive
psychotherapy.

The textbook definition of Bipolar Disorder is: one or more Manic or Hypomanic
Episodes, accompanied by one or more Major Depressive Episodes. These episodes
typically happen in cycles.

All of these terms will be defined at greater length below...but in plain
English, a person who has Bipolar Disorder will be severely up some of the
time, severely down some of the time, and in the middle some or most of the
time.

There are two main types of Bipolar Disorder:

-- Bipolar I is the "classic" form of Bipolar Disorder. It most often involves
widely spaced, long-lasting bouts of mania followed by long-lasting bouts of
depression and vice-versa. However, the essential definition is depression
plus mania, or "mixed states."

-- Bipolar II involves at least one Hypomanic Episode and one Major Depressive
Episode, but never either a full-blown Manic Episode or Cyclothymia. The
essential definition is depression plus hypomania.

Although the shifts from one state to another are usually gradual, they can be
quite sudden. The "rapid-cycling" form of the disorder involves four or more
complete mood cycles within a year's time, and some rapid-cyclers can complete
a mood cycle in a matter of days--or, more rarely, in hours.

It is also possible for someone who has Bipolar Disorder to be in a "mixed
state." This means that they're in a mood state which has some characteristics
of depression and some of mania or hypomania.

There are a few rare documented cases of mania without depression, but DSM-IV
does not currently include a category for just "mania". (This diagnosis was
present in DSM-III, but is unaccountably absent in DSM-IV!)

Using DSM-IV, a person exhibiting the symptoms of mania will almost always be
diagnosed as bipolar. The general feeling in the mental health community seems
to be that what or whom goes up, must eventually come down.

The DSM-IV and "extended" definitions of depression and mania are presented in
the sections that follow. It is very important to remember the following:

-- These definitions are not a guide for self-diagnosis! 

-- One does not need to exhibit *all* of the symptoms of depression to be
depressed, nor does one need to display *all* of the symptoms of mania to be
manic. 


------------------------
3.2 What is Depression?
------------------------


******************************************************************************

Criteria for Major Depressive Episode (DSM-IV, p. 327)

A. Five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same
2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one
of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or
pleasure.

Note: Do not include symptoms that are clearly due to a general medical
condition, or mood-incongruent delusions or hallucinations.

(1) depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, as indicated by either
subjective report (e.g., feels sad or empty) or observation made by others
(e.g. appears tearful). Note: In children and adolescents, can be irritable
mood.

(2) markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities
most of the day, nearly every day (as indicated by either subjective account
or observation made by others)

(3) significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain (e.g., a change of
more than 5% of body weight in a month), or decrease or increase in appetite
nearly every day. Note: In children, consider failure to make expected weight
gains.

(4) insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day

(5) psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day (observable by
others, not merely subjective feelings of restlessness or being slowed down)

(6) fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day

(7) feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt (which may
be delusional) nearly every day (not merely self-reproach or guilt about being
sick)

(8) diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly
every day (either by subjective account or as observed by others)

(9) recurrent thoughts of death (not just fear of dying), recurrent suicidal
ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt or a specific plan for
committing suicide

B. The symptoms do not meet criteria for a Mixed Episode.

C. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social,
occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

D. The symptoms are not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance
(e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or a general medical condition (e.g.,
hypothyroidism).

E. The symptoms are not better accounted for by bereavement, i.e., after the
loss of a loved one, the symptoms persist for longer than 2 months or are
characterized by marked functional impairment, morbid preoccupation with
worthlessness, suicidal ideation, psychotic symptoms, or psychomotor
retardation.

******************************************************************************

Well, the APA gives us a good starting point, but it all sounds sort of
clinical. Here's a more complete list of symptoms of depression that our
readers and participants have identified:

* Reduced interest in activities (like writing FAQs)

* Indecisiveness (maybe)

* Feeling sad, unhappy, or blue (pervasive attitude that
life sucks)

* Irritability, dammit.

* Getting too much (hypersomnia) or too little (insomnia)
sleep.

* Loss of, um, what were we talking about? Oh yeah,
concentration.

* Increased or decreased appetite (my ex-mother-in-law's
cooking notwithstanding)

* Loss of self-esteem, such as my understanding that I suck.

* Decreased sexual desire.

* Problems with, whaddya call it? Oh yeah, memory.

* Despair and hopelessness

* Suicidal thoughts.

* Reduced pleasurable feelings.

* Guilt feelings, which are all my fault anyway.

* Crying uncontrollably and/or for no apparent reason.

* Feeling helpless, which I can't do anything about.

* Restlessness, especially when I can't hold still.

* Feeling disorganized (hell, look at my desk).

* Difficulty doing things (again, like finishing this FAQ)

* Lack of energy and feeling tired.

* Self-critical thoughts

* Moving and thinking slooooooowwwwwwwly.

* Feeling that one is in a stupor, or that one's head is in
a fog.

* Speeeeeeeakiiinnnnng slooooooowwwwwwwly.

* Emotional and/or physical pain.

* Hypochondriacal worries; fears or illnesses which prove to
be psychosomatic.

* Feeling dead or detached.

* Delusions of guilt or of financial poverty.

* Hallucinating.



-------------------
3.3 What is Mania?
-------------------


******************************************************************************

Criteria for Manic Episode (DSM-IV, p. 332)

A. A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or
irritable mood, lasting at least 1 week (or any duration if hospitalization is
necessary).

B. During the period of mood disturbance, three (or more) of the following
symptoms have persisted (four if the mood is only irritable) and have been
present to a significant degree:

(1) inflated self-esteem or grandiosity

(2) decreased need for sleep (e.g., feels rested after only 3 hours of sleep)

(3) more talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking

(4) flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing

(5) distractibility (i.e., attention too easily drawn to unimportant or
irrelevant external stimuli)

(6) increase in goal-directed activity (either socially, at work or school, or
sexually) or psychomotor agitation

(7) excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high potential
for painful consequences (e.g., engaging in unrestrained buying sprees, sexual
indiscretions, or foolish business investments)

C. The symptoms do not meet criteria for a Mixed Episode.

D. The mood disturbance is sufficiently severe to cause marked impairment in
occupational functioning or in usual social activities or relationships with
others, or to necessitate hospitalization to prevent harm to self or others,
or there are psychotic features.

E. The symptoms are not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance
(e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication, or other treatments) or a general
medical condition (e.g., hyperthyroidism).

Note: Manic-like episodes that are clearly caused by somatic antidepressant
treatment (e.g., medication, electroconvulsive therapy, light therapy) should
not count toward a diagnosis of Bipolar I Disorder.

******************************************************************************

Again, the APA gives us a good starting point for studying mania, but the
language is awfully clinical. Here's a plain-English version, with some
extensions:

* Decreased need for sleep.

* Restlessness.

* Feeling full of energy.

* Distractibility (what was that?)

* Increased talkativeness (or increased typeativeness)

* Creative thinking.

* Increase in activities.

* Feelings of elation.

* Laughing inappropriately

* Inappropriate humor.

* Speeded up thinking.

* Rapid, pressured speech, that you can teach, eating a
peach, while on a beach.

* Impaired judgment

* Increased religious thinking or beliefs.

* Feelings of exhilaration.

* Racing thoughts, which can't be taught, and can't be
bought, although they ought, you might get caught.

* Irritability (dammit, there it is again!)

* Excitability.

* Inappropriate behaviors.

* Impulsive behaviors.

* Increased sexuality (also known as "platoon-of-Marines-on-
shore-leave syndrome")... or

* "clang associations" (the association of words based on

their sound, a possible reason so many poets are
bipolar, also why we have pun fun)

* _decreased_ interest in sex, or any other interpersonal
relationships, due to obsessive interest in some other
subject or activity

* Inflated self-esteem (so prove I'm NOT the world's leading
authority!)

* Financial extravagance.

* Grandiose thinking.

* Heightened perceptions.

* Bizarre hallucinations.

* Disorientation.

* Disjointed thinking.

* Incoherent speech.

* Paranoia, delusions of being persecuted.

* Violent behavior, hostility

* Severe insomnia

* Profound weight loss

* Exhaustion 



-----------------------
3.4 What is Hypomania?
-----------------------

Hypomania means, literally, "mild mania."

It's sometimes difficult to draw a distinct line between "manic" and
"hypomanic," as "marked impairment" is a necessarily subjective evaluation.

Also, one of the reasons that bipolar disorder often has a delayed
diagnosis may be that hypomanic episodes are often overlooked amid
the "Sturm und Drang" of adolescense and early adulthood.

The associated features of mania are present in Hypomanic Episodes, except that
delusions are never present and all other symptoms are *generally* less severe
than they would be in Manic Episodes.


******************************************************************************

Criteria for Hypomanic Episode (DSM-IV, p. 338)

A. A distinct period of persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood,
lasting throughout at least 4 days, that is clearly different from the usual
nondepressed mood.

B. During the period of mood disturbance, three (or more) of the following
symptoms have persisted (four if the mood is only irritable) and have been
present to a significant degree:

(1) inflated self-esteem or grandiosity

(2) decreased need for sleep (e.g., feels rested after only 3 hours of sleep)

(3) more talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking

(4) flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing

(5) distractibility (i.e., attention too easily drawn to unimportant or
irrelevant external stimuli)

(6) increase in goal-directed activity (either socially, at work or school, or
sexually) or psychomotor agitation

(7) excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high potential
for painful consequences (e.g., engaging in unrestrained buying sprees, sexual
indiscretions, or foolish business investments)

C. The episode is associated with an unequivocal change in functioning that is
uncharacteristic of the person when not symptomatic.

D. The disturbance in mood and the change in functioning are observable by
others.

E. The episode is not severe enough to cause marked impairment in social or
occupational functioning, or to necessitate hospitalization, and there are no
psychotic features.

F. The symptoms are not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance
(e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication, or other treatment) or a general medical
condition (e.g., hyperthyroidism).

Note: Hypomanic-like episodes that are clearly caused by somatic
antidepressant treatment (e.g., medication, electroconvulsive therapy, light
therapy) should not count toward a diagnosis of Bipolar II Disorder.

******************************************************************************


------------------------------------------------------------
3.5 What is the difference between euphoria and dysphoria?
------------------------------------------------------------

There are two basic types of mania (or hypomania): euphoric and dysphoric.

A person can experience both types when they have bipolar disorder.

In euphoria, a person is high, in love with the world, one with the world,
feeling boundless energy, talking a mile a minute, mind is racing, deluded
with grandiose thoughts, etc. This kind of mania is generally the kind
described in the popular literature. 

Dysphoria is another type of mania. In dysphoria one is "high" but in a
different sense: agitated, destructive, full of rage, talking a mile a minute,
mind racing, deluded with grandiose thoughts, paranoid, full of anxiety,
panic-stricken.

In addition, dysphoria can also come into the depressive side. These are often
referred to as "mixed episodes." Mixed episodes are quite dangerous; suicidal
ideation often accompanies this state.

What's the difference between agitated depression and dysphoric (hypo)mania?

Dr. Ivan Goldberg ([email protected])   explains: "While folks in an agitated
depression show increased motor activity, they never show increased
sociability, increased creative thinking, joking and punning that may be seen
in someone experiencing a dysphoric (hypo)manic state."


---------------------------
3.6 What is a Mixed State?
---------------------------


******************************************************************************

Criteria for Mixed Episode (DSM-IV, p. 335)

A. The criteria are met both for a Manic Episode and for a Major Depressive
Episode (except for duration) nearly every day during at least a 1-week
period.

B. The mood disturbance is sufficiently severe to cause marked impairment in
occupational functioning or in usual social activities or relationships with
others, or to necessitate hospitalization to prevent harm to self or others,
or there are psychotic features.

C. The symptoms are not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance
(e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication, or other treatment) or a general medical
condition (e.g., hyperthyroidism).

******************************************************************************

Comment: This may be an instance in which the DSM-IV definition is a 
bit too narrow. Many readers and participants in ASDM and SSDM report
experiencing mixed states with hypomanic, but not fully manic, features.


---------------------------
3.7 What is Rapid Cycling?
---------------------------

The "rapid-cycling" form of Bipolar Disorder involves four or more complete
mood cycles within a year's time, and some rapid-cyclers can complete a mood
cycle in a matter of days--or, more rarely, in hours. Studies show that women
are more likely than men to be diagnosed as rapid-cyclers.


--------------------------------------------
3.8 What are delusions and hallucinations?
--------------------------------------------


-- What are delusions? 

Delusions are, in general, "false beliefs." The DSM-IV (p. 763) defines a
delusion as:

A false belief based on incorrect inference about external
reality that is firmly sustained despite what almost
everyone else believes and despite what constitutes
incontrovertible and obvious proof or evidence to the
contrary.

People who are in a manic or depressed episode may have delusions. Some of
these might include delusions of reference, where the individual feels like
events, objects, or other persons have a particular and unusual significance.
The individual may also have grandiose delusions or delusions of persecution
(such as paranoia).

It's important to note that delusions must be diagnosed in terms of 
cultural, social, and religious norms. A belief that one is in direct
communication with God, for example, might be either a delusion or an
expression of certain kinds of religious faith. :-)


-- Can people with bipolar disorder have hallucinations?

Most certainly. The DSM-IV (p. 766) defines a hallucination as:

A sensory perception that has the compelling sense of
reality of a true perception but that occurs without
external stimulation of the relevant sensory organ.
Hallucinations should be distinguished from illusions, in
which an actual external stimulus is misperceived or
misinterpreted.

Some people know that they are having hallucinations, and others do not. Most
people who have bipolar disorder realize that the hallucinations are not actual
perceptions of reality. However, this realization does not keep them from
occurring.


-- What kind of hallucinations are there?

Hallucinations may occur in any of the senses: auditory (for example, hearing
voices or music), gustatory (for example, unpleasant tastes), olfactory (for
example, unpleasant smells), somatic (for example, a feeling of "electricity"),
tactile (for example, a sensation of being touched, or "skin crawling"
sensations), visual (for example, flashes of light, colors, images on the
periphery).


----------------------------------------------------
3.9 How do you tell unipolar depression and bipolar
disorder apart?
----------------------------------------------------

If the person in question is known to have had even a single Manic or Hypomanic
Episode, then there is virtually no question; the diagnosis is a form of bipolar
disorder (or, in the case of hypomania, possibly cyclothymia.) 

If the person in question is currently depressed, and his or her history is not
known, or is incomplete, the following guidelines by Dr. Ivan Goldberg may prove
to be useful:

The things that make me suspect bipolarity in a patient
diagnosed as unipolar are:

- oversleeping when depressed

- overeating when depressed

- a history of bipolarity in the family 

- a patient who when depressed can still joke and laugh 

- anyone with a history of frequent depressive episodes
(rapidly cycling unipolar disorder) 

- success as a salesperson, politician, or actor (in school
or real world) 

- extreme rejection sensitivity 

- a history of having ever been diagnosed as bipolar or given
lithium (except to potentiate antidepressants)

Of course, a unipolar patient can still sleep too much, unipolar depression or
bipolar disorder can surface earlier or later in life, and so on. These are
guidelines, not hard-and-fast rules. 

--------------------------
3.10 What is Cyclothymia?
--------------------------

******************************************************************************

Diagnostic Criteria for Cyclothymic Disorder (DSM-IV, p. 365)

A. For at least 2 years, the presence of numerous periods with hypomanic
symptoms and numerous periods with depressive symptoms that do not meet
criteria for a Major Depressive Episode. Note: In children and adolescents,
the duration must be at least 1 year.

B. During the above 2-year period (1 year in children and adolescents), the
person has not been without the symptoms in Criterion A for more than 2 months
at a time.

C. No Major Depressive Episode, Manic Episode, or Mixed Episode has been
present during the first 2 years of the disturbance.

Note: After the initial 2 years (1 year in children and adolescents) of
Cyclothymic Disorder, there may be superimposed Manic or Mixed Episodes (in
which case both Bipolar I Disorder and Cyclothymic Disorder may be diagnosed)
or Major Depressive Episodes (in which case both Bipolar II Disorder and
Cyclothymic Disorder may be diagnosed).

D. The symptoms in Criterion A are not better accounted for by Schizoaffective
Disorder and are not superimposed on Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform Disorder,
Delusional Disorder, or Psychotic Disorder Not Otherwise Specified.

E. The symptoms are not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance
(e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication, or other treatment) or a general medical
condition (e.g., hyperthyroidism). 

F. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social,
occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

******************************************************************************



*** 3.11 What is Dysthymic Disorder?

***********************************************
* Section under construction - BC *
***********************************************


*** 3.12 What is Schizoaffective Disorder?

***********************************************
* Section under construction - BC *
***********************************************


*** 3.13 What is Seasonal Affective Disorder?

***********************************************
* Section under construction - BC *
***********************************************


*** 3.14 How do I distinguish between and among all of 
these disorders?

***********************************************
* Section under construction - BC *
***********************************************



------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.0 How can I best take care of myself?
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

If you've been diagnosed with a form of bipolar disorder, you'll probably
find no shortage of people (doctors, family members, members of support
groups) offering advice, whether you ask for it or not. :-)

And now here we are, getting in line behind all of those people. 

The advice we're presenting here is GENERAL. Everyone with this
illness is a unique individual, and individuals respond in 
unique and sometimes unexpected ways; use your best judgment and
common sense about whether this advice is right for you.

That being said:

The most important general guideline for self-care is to establish
a sound therapeutic relationship with one or more doctors: a 
psychiatrist or psychopharmacologist for drug therapy, and, if you
prefer not to use this person for more traditional forms of therapy 
but want a professional to talk to, a psychologist, licensed
clinical social worker, or similar licensed counselor.

Bipolar Disorder is a lifelong, chronic medical condition. It cannot
be cured, but it can in almost all cases be managed to at least some
extent.

Some more general guidelines, which mostly fall into the category 
of common sense but bear repeating (and please note that these are
GENERAL statements, and that everyone is an individual--your mileage
may vary!):


-- Take responsibility for your own well-being.

You can have the finest medical team in the world working on "your case,"
but if you don't first accept that you *have* a chronic medical 
condition and take responsibility for doing what it takes to manage
it, you're wasting time and money. Obviously, if you're in the 
throes of an incapacitating depression or mania, this can be hard
if not impossible to do, and someone else may (temporarily) need to
make these sorts of decisions for you; also, people respond in 
different ways to various kinds of medication and therapy.

But in general, remember: you're the boss, you're the one calling
the shots and deciding which resources to utilize (or not.)

The key thing to remember is that there's a LOT of help out there
if you want to get things under control--but you have to decide
to seek it out, and you have to decide that you will commit to a 
healthy course of action.


-- Work with your doctors, not against them--and insist that they work
with you.

It's vitally important that you be able to communicate with the doctors
and health-care professionals that you choose to use as resources. 

If you're not comfortable talking with someone, or if they don't listen
to you, look for another therapeutic relationship. Period. It's 
*vital* that you and your doctor(s) listen to and respect each other.


-- Develop a survival mentality.

A few of us who start medical treatment for Bipolar Disorder are pretty
much a symptomatic afterwards--in other words, we never, ever have another
flare-up. A few of us don't seem to respond satisfactorily to ANYTHING we
try. Almost all of us fall somewhere in-between-- we get some measure of 
control over our bipolar disorder, but we still experiences ups and 
downs, and still have tough times that must be endured.

A "survival mentality" means, first of all, deciding that there's life
after diagnosis. Getting the news that you have a medical condition
that you'll be dealing with (in all probability) for the rest of your
life can be a major shock to the system! Recognize that there are 
literally *millions* of people around the world dealing with this
disorder; you're not alone, and there are many resources available
to help you cope.

Second of all, it means that when times DO get tough, you do what
it takes to get through it. In extreme cases, this may involve
voluntarily checking yourself in to a hospital under a doctor's care.
This isn't an experience that most people would seek out for themselves,
but when things get badly out of hand, it can literally be a lifesaver.

Remember: your first goal is to *survive*--to take care of yourself.
Your secondary goal might be to contribute as much as you can
to the lives of your friends, family, loved ones, co-workers, etc... or
it might be something else entirely. 

But if you don't take care of the first goal, the other ones are 
utterly meaningless.


-- Become aware of your mood states.

At first glance, this seems like a really stupid thing to say. If 
you're depressed, you know damn well that you feel awful... though you 
may not identify "depression" as the cause at the time. Hypomania
and mania can be harder to recognize when it's happening to you, 
but as you gain more experience in dealing with this disorder, you'll
become more sensitized to your moods and their cycles.

If you become more aware and conscious of your mood states, however,
you may find that you can spot trends earlier and head off potential
problems.

Many bipolar folks chart their moods on a calendar or in a diary;
this helps them understand their cycles better, and can also provide
important clues about possible environmental stimuli that might either
be causing problems or giving relief. For instance, if you note
that your mood is generally better for a day or two after you work
out vigorously, you might want to consider making exercise a regular
part of your coping strategy... or if you notice that you feel
especially depressed after a certain activity or eating/drinking
certain foods or beverages, you might consider limiting that sort of thing.

One simple way to do this is to choose some kind of arbitrary numeric
scale... let's say that "1" is severe depression, "5" is 
"normal," whatever that means, and "10" is severe mania. Something
as simple as jotting down a number reflecting your own assessment
of your mood state *at roughly the same time every day* can give
you very important information about the length and quality of
your mood cycles.

Also, many folks establish "contracts" with trusted friends or 
family members--they work out ways in which the trusted outside
observer can communicate to them, in a friendly, loving, and 
non-threatening way, that they think that you are becoming 
depressed or (hypo)manic.

Finally, remember that even though you have a mood disorder, you're
almost certainly still prone to everyday, ordinary moodiness! If you
wake up in the morning feeling bad, it might be a precursor to
a serious depression, or you might just be having a bad hair day. If 
you wake up feeling on top of the world, you might be getting 
(hypo)manic, or you might just be having, um, a good hair day. ;-) 
Watch the overall *trends* over time, and try not to watch yourself
under a microscope and obsess over the tiny details. ;-)


-- Structure your life to the extent possible.

Without becoming fanatical about it, many bipolar folks find that sticking
to as regular a schedule as possible of eating, sleeping, working, and 
so forth is helpful in stabilizing their moods. Sleep deprivation can
DEFINITELY precipitate (hypo)mania, for one thing.


-- Educate yourself about this illness.

Ignorance and fear are the Big Enemies. Educate yourself about your
condition. At a minimum, know what your diagnosis is and what the
symptoms are, and know what meds you're taking and what the 
side-effects are likely to be.


-- Exercise regularly and vigorously, if you're physically able.

Many readers and participants in ASDM and SSDM say that regular
exercise really helps them stay on an even keel.


-- Avoid artificial stimulants and depressants.

Some bipolar folks tolerate caffeine (stimulant) and alcohol (depressant)
just fine in moderation--though both substances can potentially
interact in nasty ways with commonly used medications, alcohol especially.

Some folks find that they need to avoid these substances entirely.

If you ARE going to drink espresso and Scotch (hopefully not at the 
same time!) make sure that your doctor(s) know(s) about it, and
that you're not setting yourself up for a nasty drug interaction...

...and remember that moderation, as in so many things, is key, and
abstinence might very well be the best choice.


-- Enlist the support of family and friends.

The importance of having a good support structure cannot be overemphasized.

Sadly, sometimes friends and family members can't handle the idea of a 
loved one with a "mental illness." This is usually ignorance and fear
talking, and often these people can be educated and brought around.

If there are people that you can really trust and talk to, let them
know about what's going on with you.


-- Join a support group.

Check the "Resources" section of the FAQ for information on how to find
a "real-world" support group near you... but don't neglect the many
online support groups that are available. :-)


-------------------------------------------
4.1 How can I assess my own mental status?
-------------------------------------------

Q: How can I tell if I am depressed or just in a bad mood?

A: Frequently, it is more obvious to those around us that we are depressed
than it is to ourselves. Distorted judgment is part of having a mood
disorder, so it is not uncommon for our family and friends to recognize
signs before we do.

This section and the next involve the Goldberg Mood Scales, by 
Dr. Ivan K. Goldberg, M.D. They are reprinted with his permission.

The scales ARE NOT designed to diagnose any psychiatric disorder, nor are
they intended to replace evaluation by a qualified psychiatrist. They are
only intended to measure the severity of depressive and/or manic symptoms,
and thus to help the reader decide whether to seek a psychiatric evaluation.

The Goldberg Depression Scale, below, is a self-administered 
questionnaire designed to measure the severity of depressive 
thinking and behavior.


Goldberg Depression Scale
-------------------------
Copyright (c) 1993 Ivan Goldberg

Name______________________________________ Date__________________________




The items below refer to how you have felt and behaved DURING THE
PAST WEEK. For each item, indicate the extent to which it is true, by
circling one of the numbers that follows it. Using the following scale:



0 = Not at all 1 = Just a little 2 = Somewhat



3 = Moderately 4 = Quite a lot 5 = Very much
==========================================================================
1. I do things slowly. 0 1 2 3 4 5



2. My future seems hopeless. 0 1 2 3 4 5



3. It is hard for me to concentrate on reading. 0 1 2 3 4 5



4. The pleasure and joy has gone out of my life. 0 1 2 3 4 5



5. I have difficulty making decisions. 0 1 2 3 4 5



6. I have lost interest in aspects of life that
used to be important to me. 0 1 2 3 4 5



7. I feel sad, blue, and unhappy. 0 1 2 3 4 5



8. I am agitated and keep moving around. 0 1 2 3 4 5



9. I feel fatigued. 0 1 2 3 4 5



10. It takes great effort for me to do
simple things. 0 1 2 3 4 5



11. I feel that I am a guilty person who deserves
to be punished. 0 1 2 3 4 5



12. I feel like a failure. 0 1 2 3 4 5



13. I feel lifeless - - - more dead than alive. 0 1 2 3 4 5



14. My sleep has been disturbed---too little, too
much, or broken sleep. 0 1 2 3 4 5



15. I spend time thinking about HOW I might
kill myself. ~~~ 0 1 2 3 4 5



16. I feel trapped or caught. 0 1 2 3 4 5



17. I feel depressed even when good things
happen to me. 0 1 2 3 4 5



18. Without trying to diet, I have lost, or
gained, weight. 0 1 2 3 4 5

A score of 15 or higher on the depression scale indicates the possible need
for a psychiatric evaluation.

Copyright (c) 1993 Ivan Goldberg
---------------------------------


Q: How can I tell if I am manic or just unusually cheerful?

A: Much like depression, it is frequently more obvious to those around us
that we are becoming manic or hypomanic than it is to us. Impaired
judgment is every bit as much a part of mania as it is a part of
depression, and it is not uncommon for someone on a manic upswing to
think they simply feel so good because the damn depression is finally
over. Family and friends can usually tell the difference quite easily,
although convincing the manic subject of his/her mania can be quite a
different matter.


This section, like the last, involves one of the Goldberg Mood Scales
by Dr. Ivan K. Goldberg, M.D. Again, the scales ARE NOT designed to 
diagnose any psychiatric disorder, nor are they intended to replace 
evaluation by a qualified psychiatrist. They are only intended to 
measure the severity of depressive and/or manic symptoms, and thus 
to help the reader decide whether to seek a psychiatric evaluation.

The Goldberg Mania Scale, below, is a self-administered 
questionnaire designed to measure the severity of manic 
thinking and behavior.


Goldberg Mania Scale
--------------------
Copyright (c) 1993 Ivan Goldberg


Name_________________________________________ Date_______________________



The items below refer to how you have felt and behaved DURING THE
PAST WEEK. For each item, indicate the extent to which it is true, by
circling one of the numbers that follows it. Using the following scale:



0 = Not at all 1 = Just a little 2 = Somewhat



3 = Moderately 4 = Quite a lot 5 = Very much



==========================================================================
1. My mind has never been sharper. 0 1 2 3 4 5



2. I need less sleep than usual. 0 1 2 3 4 5



3. I have so many plans and new ideas that it is
hard for me to work. 0 1 2 3 4 5



4. I feel a pressure to talk and talk. 0 1 2 3 4 5



5. I have been particularly happy. 0 1 2 3 4 5



6. I have been more active than usual. 0 1 2 3 4 5



7. I talk so fast that people have a hard time
keeping up with me. 0 1 2 3 4 5



8. I have more new ideas than I can handle. 0 1 2 3 4 5



9. I have been irritable. 0 1 2 3 4 5



10. It's easy for me to think of jokes and
funny stories. 0 1 2 3 4 5



11. I have been feeling like "the life of
the party." 0 1 2 3 4 5



12. I have been full of energy. 0 1 2 3 4 5



13. I have been thinking about sex. 0 1 2 3 4 5



14. I have been feeling particularly playful. 0 1 2 3 4 5



15. I have special plans for the world. 0 1 2 3 4 5



16. I have been spending too much money. 0 1 2 3 4 5



17. My attention keeps jumping from one idea
to another. 0 1 2 3 4 5



18. I find it hard to slow down and stay in
one place. 0 1 2 3 4 5

A score of 20 or higher on the mania scale suggests the possible need for
an evaluation by a qualified psychiatrist.

Copyright (c) 1993 Ivan Goldberg
---------------------------------



*** 4.2 What treatment options are available?

***********************************************
* Section under construction - BC *
***********************************************


*** 4.3 How do I find a good health care provider?

***********************************************
* Section under construction - BC *
***********************************************

-----------------------------------------------------
4.4 What medications are commonly used in treatment?
-----------------------------------------------------

First, we'll lead off this section with an excellent introduction, written
by Joy Ikelman ([email protected]) , with additions by Dr. Ivan Goldberg
([email protected]): 

******************************************************************************

Ten Little Things I Have Learned About Drug Therapy

(1) We believe what we want to believe (about this topic or any topic).

(2) We bipolars know how it feels to be on these drugs--despite what the docs
might say about how we "should" feel. Side effects are often more complex and
difficult than the drug companies/PDR say they are.

(3) We bipolars know that the cycles sometimes break through despite the best
of drug therapies--even though docs say we "should" be completely stable on
this stuff. A lot of the time we just keep quiet when these breakthrough
episodes happen or else the doc might raise our dose or hospitalize us. (See
Item 2.)

(4) We all hope to be the lucky ones in this crap shoot of drug therapy.
Initially, we are optimistic. Maybe if we get just the right combination of
drugs, just the right dosage, just the right psychopharmacologist, just the
right attitude....something, something might just work....

(5) There are some combinations which work better than others. These should be
tried first.

(6) However, there is no magic formula which works perfectly for everyone.
It's mostly hit and miss. So, if something works, stick with it.

(7) And, after we find the right combo it may work wonderfully well for 30+
years, or sometimes after a few years it doesn't work any more and the search
resumes for another combo that will work. We hope that by then something new
and very effective will be available.

(8) Manic depression does not have a "cure." The mood stabilizing drugs are a
way to cope with the illness. Take the accustomed drugs away and for most
folks, the cycles come back full force, sometimes worse.

(9) We all have different ideas of what we will settle for, as a result of
drug therapy. Some will settle for nothing less than the elimination of all
cycling. Some will settle for a little cycling and learn to cope with it in
different ways. Some will settle for quite a bit of cycling, as long as the
manias aren't too high or the depressions too low.

(10) Drug therapy is a choice. The most important thing is stay alive and
possibly make some contribution to the few people you interact with in your
lifetime. Whatever it takes to stay alive (drugs or not), do it.


******************************************************************************


Now, on to a more general discussion of the meds. Thanks to Millie Niss
([email protected])  for researching and writing the following
information:

There are three types of medications commonly used in treating Bipolar
Disorder: 

-- mood stabilizers

-- antidepressants, and 

-- antipsychotics.

Other medications may be given to help you sleep or to treat anxiety
and/or panic attacks if you have them.

Because many people need a combination of two or three drugs to get
stable, it can take quite some time to find the right medications
(and the right dosages of each.) This is usually on the order of magnitude of
weeks or months... but it's been known to take *years* to find the exact
combination and dosages that work.

If the first medication you get does not help, it *does not mean* you
are untreatable! Work with your doctor and make sure that he or she
is listening to you, and don't give up!

Some drugs can potentially cause relatively severe side-effects. 
Don't hesitate to complain to your doctor and insist on lowering dosages
or trying a new drug if the side-effects are intolerable. 

In particular, mood stabilizers and antipsychotics in high doses can make
you very tired and slowed down and "zombie-like." 

Don't accept this as a "necessary" condition of getting well!

Sometimes, as with any drug, you will have to choose between total 
elimination of symptoms and a tolerable level of side-effects; the 
key thing is to *communicate* with your doctor about what you're 
experiencing, and make sure that you know all your options.

(That being said, many people do quite well on lithium, or lithium plus
an antidepressant.) 

We're listing potential side-effects below, as we discuss each drug.
Our objective here is not to frighten, but to inform and share experiences.
Everyone is different; some people will take these meds and experience
no side effects; some people will experience side effects that aren't 
listed here.

*Communicate* with your doctor, your pharmacist, and the other members
of your health-care team about what's going on with you and your meds.


Mood Stabilizers
----------------

Mood stabilizers are the primary treatment for most people. They are
supposed to level your moods, so that you neither get too low
(depressed) or too high (manic). In practice, they work much better
at treating mania than depression, and may have a mood-dampening
effect, so that you get more depressed on a mood stabilizer than you
were before. For this reason, some people are now calling these drugs

"antimanics."

Mood stabilizers take a week or two to get a therapeutic blood level
and then it may take a few more weeks to get the full effect of the
drug. In acute situations, another drug may be needed while you wait
for the mood stabilizer to take effect.

The most common mood stabilizers are:

Lithium (Eskalith, Lithane, Lithobid, Lithonate, Lithotabs)
-----------------------------------------------------------

This is the oldest and most common mood
stabilizer and is usually the first drug you will get
when diagnosed with bipolar disorder. It tends to be
fairly easy to tolerate for most people, and stabilizes
50-60% of patients all by itself.

Common side-effects are: lethargy, diarrhea, nausea,
frequent urination, tremor, weight gain.

Symptoms of lithium toxicity are: intense versions of
the above, twitching, shaking, dizziness, loss of balance,
thirstiness, blurred vision, confusion, convulsions.

Note: if you cannot tolerate the side-effects of regular
lithium, you may want to try a time-released form of it,
such as Lithobid.

It is very important to get frequent blood tests when
first starting lithium because the therapeutic blood
level is quite close to the toxic level. After dosage
is established, blood tests can be every six months.
It is also a good idea to check liver and thyroid function
because these can be damaged by long-term lithium use.

The other mood stabilizers are anticonvulsants, used primarily to
treat epilepsy but also effective in the treatment of Bipolar Disorder:

Valproic Acid (Depakote, Depakene, Epival)
------------------------------------------

Side effects are similar to lithium, long term toxicity may
be less severe. Some people find that Depakote gives them
depression, or intensifies existent depression. It can also
cause sexual dysfunctions (anorgasmia, premature ejaculation,
retrograde ejaculation, reduction of libido) in both men
and women.

Carbamazepine (Tegretol)
------------------------

Tegretol is another anti-convulsant.

Side effects of Tegretol are generally more severe than for
lithium or Depakote, but some patients who cannot tolerate
lithium do fine on Tegretol. Tegretol is also especially
effective for rapid cyclers.

Side effects: nausea, dizziness, confusion, cognitive slowing,
loss of coordination, tremor, sores in mouth & gums,
*reduction in effectiveness of birth control pills.*


Other anticonvulsants are now being used as mood stabilizers
experimentally. Also, Klonopin (an anti-anxiety drug which is also an
anti-convulsant) may be used as a mood stabilizer.

Some people with mood swings who don't actually get fully manic may
get stabilized on an antidepressant alone. (See WARNING below,
however.)


Antidepressants
---------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
WARNING: USING ANTIDEPRESSANTS ALONE TO TREAT BIPOLAR DISORDER CAN INVOLVE
SUBSTANTIAL RISK OF INDUCING HYPOMANIA OR MANIA.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Antidepressants (ADs) are part of most people's treatment if their
disease includes severe depression. However, they must be used cautiously by
bipolars. Although ADs normally do not cause folks to get high even when
taken in larger doses than needed, for a significant number of bipolars ADs
can cause mania or hypomania and/or may trigger rapid cycling. This is most
frequently reported with the older tricyclic ADs (like nortriptylene) and
apparently least likely to occur with the AD Wellbutrin. Usually these
undesirable effects can be avoided by using an "AD + mood stabilizer" combo,
but even this does not eliminate the risk entirely. Any bipolar starting on
an antidepressant should monitor their moods carefully and stay in close
contact with their physician until it is clear that these effects do not
appear or appear only to a degree that is acceptable.

Antidepressants can take a really long time to work--six weeks or more--
and then it may take a while to find the AD which works for you, so
the hardest part about ADs is often the waiting!

Antidepressants come in several flavors:

SSRIs
-----

"SSRI" means Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor.

These are the newest class of ADs and tend to be the first
drugs used these days, although there is no evidence that they
work better than tricyclics or MAOIs.

The SSRIs are: Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft, Luvox, Effexor (partly)

Side effects are: dry mouth, tremor, nausea, insomnia,
drowsiness, anxiety, hypomania, sexual dysfunction.

The SSRIs can cause rather extreme side-effects if they make
you manic (or induce rapid cycling), but they are not very
toxic so they are safest to use with a suicidal patient.

Tricyclics
----------

Common tricyclics include: Norpramin (desipramine),
amitriptylene, nortriptylene, Sinequan, Elavil, Anafranil,
Doxepin.

The side-effects are the same as for SSRIs--supposedly more
severe, but your mileage may vary.

The tricyclics are generally more sedating than the SSRIs,
and are often used as sleeping pills. They also tend to
cause weight gain.

Tricyclics are quite toxic in overdose, and there is a danger
of accidental overdose, especially when used as a sleeping
pill "as needed."

MAOIs
-----

"MAOI" = "Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor."

Common MAOIs are: Nardil (phenelezine) and Parnate.

Side effects: Same as above, weight gain.

MAOIs are safer for your heart than tricyclics, so they are
safer to use with elderly patients or patients with heart problems.

MAOIs may be effective in patients who don't respond to SSRIs
or tricyclics. They are thought to be especially helpful
for people who are very tired and numb when depressed and
who can be cheered up/made more active by outside stimulation.

They may also be more effective with "atypical
depression," (more depressed late in the day rather than early,
weight gain rather than weight loss, too much sleep rather than too 
little, etc.).

The main problem with MAOIs is that they interact dangerously
with foods containing tyramine (an amino acid). The
combination can lead to acute hypertension (high blood
pressure). This can be very dangerous and cause stroke,
heart attack, or death, though such a severe reaction is rare.
Symptoms of a hypertensive attack are severe headache in the back
of the head, nausea, weakness, sudden collapse.

A partial list of foods to be avoided is: cheese, yogurt, soy
sauce, avocado, ripe bananas or figs, smoked salmon, cured
ham, salami, pickled herring, broad beans.

Caffeine and chocolate should be used with caution.

There are also interactions with many drugs, and you should
not take any medication (including over-the-counter drugs)
without asking your doctor or pharmacist. Drugs to avoid
include: antihistamines, decongestants, any cold remedy,
codeine, amphetamines, Demerol and other narcotic pain
relievers, some forms of general anesthesia.

Because of these interactions with food and drugs, you should
get a Medic Alert bracelet if you are on an MAOI.

Other ADs
---------

Some other antidepressants include:

Wellbutrin
----------

Thought not to cause mania as much, but can make
people quite hyper and nervous. Side effects are as for the
others, with the addition of a significant risk of seizures
in extreme doses.

Serzone
-------

Desyrel (trazodone): used mainly as a sleeping pill as it is
not a very effective AD.


Antipsychotics
--------------

Also called "neuroleptics" or "major tranquilizers," these drugs have
several uses in bipolar patients. One main use is to calm people down
in acute mania, while waiting for a mood stabilizer to work. These
drugs are also used (in low doses) as sleeping pills or to combat
anxiety, and in higher doses for psychotic symptoms such as
hallucinations, delusions, etc. They are also used in combination
with a mood stabilizer as part of the maintenance medications used to
prevent further episodes.

The major antipsychotics are: Thorazine (chlorpromazine) , Mellaril
(thioridazine), Stelazine, Haldol (haloperidol), Risperdal
(risperidone), Clozaril (clopazine), Trilafon (perphenezine)

Side effects are similar for all of these although some drugs
(Mellaril, Thorazine) are relatively mild in their side-effects while
others (Haldol) have severe side-effects for many people.

The main side effects are: sleepiness, slowed speech and thinking,
difficulty walking or with balance, restlessness, twitching,
involuntary movements, confusion, stiffness

If the twitching/involuntary movement/stiffness becomes severe, this
can sometimes be relieved with an antiparkinsonian drug such as Cogentin.

The major risk with these drugs is a condition called tardive
dyskinesia--where the twitching or stiffness remains after the
drug is discontinued. It is quite rare at low doses and when the
drugs are not used for very long.


Other medications
-----------------

1) benzodiazepines or "minor tranquilizers"

These drugs are used to treat anxiety and panic attacks,
or as sleeping pills.

Common benzos are: Valium (diazepam), Ativan (lorazepam), 
ProSom (estazolam), Restoril (temazepam), Klonopin (clonazepam).

Side-effects are drowsiness and nausea (rare)

The main problem with these drugs is that they can be
habit-forming, and people develop rapid tolerance (meaning
they need higher and higher doses to get the same effect).
It can also be difficult to get off a benzodiazepine because
of withdrawal effects. Some doctors won't use these drugs
for this reason, but most people will have no problem if
the use is short-term.

Benzos are much more gentle as sleeping pills than the major
tranquilizers.


*** 4.5 What "alternative" therapies exist, and are they 
any good?

***********************************************
* Section under construction - BC *
***********************************************


*** 4.6 How do I pay for all this? (Insurance-related
issues.)

***********************************************
* Section under construction - BC *
***********************************************


*** 4.7 What are my rights as a patient?

***********************************************
* Section under construction - BC *
***********************************************


*** 4.8 What are my rights as a person with Bipolar Affective
Disorder?

***********************************************
* Section under construction - BC *
***********************************************


*** 4.9 How can I tell my (friends, family, coworkers)? Should I?

***********************************************
* Section under construction - BC *
***********************************************


---------------------------
4.10 Resource Organizations
---------------------------

The Depressive and Related Affective Disorders Association; Johns Hopkins
Hospital, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205. DRADA's email
address is: [email protected] . Their WWW site:
http://infonet.welch.jhu.edu/departments/drada/default 
DRADA's fax number is 410-614-3241.

National Alliance for the Mentally Ill: 200 N. Glebe Road; Suite 1015;
Arlington, VA 2203-3754. Phone: 703-524-7600.

National Depressive and Manic Depressive Association: 730 N. Franklin,
Chicago, IL 60610. Phone: 1-800-82N-DMDA.

National Institute of Mental Health: has free brochures and information.
Call 1-800-647-2642. Their Panic Disorder Education Program is
at: Room 7C-02, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857.


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.0 How do I help a friend or loved one?
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Bipolar Disorder doesn't just affect the person who's diagnosed with it,
unfortunately. In this section, we talk about some things that friends,
family members, and loved ones can do to cope and help when someone they care
about is diagnosed.


----------------------------------------------------------
5.1 What to do (and what not to do) when someone you care
about is diagnosed
----------------------------------------------------------


Twelve things to do if your loved one has depression, manic-depression,
or some other mood disorder:

1. Don't regard this as a family disgrace or a subject of shame. 
Mood disorders are biochemical in nature, just like diabetes, and 
are just as treatable.

2. Don't nag, preach or lecture to the person. Chances are
he/she has already told him or herself everything you can 
tell them. He/she will take just so much and shut out the rest. 
You may only increase their feeling of isolation or force one 
to make promises that cannot possibly be kept. (I promise I'll
feel better tomorrow honey; I'll do it then, okay?)

3. Guard against the "holier-than-thou" or martyr-like attitude. 
It is possible to create this impression without saying a word. 
A person suffering from a mood disorder has an emotional 
sensitivity such that he/she judges other people's attitudes 
toward him/her more by actions, even small ones, than by spoken 
words.

4. Don't use the "if you loved me" appeal. Since persons with mood 
disorders are not in control of their affliction, this approach 
only increases guilt. It is like saying, "If you loved me, you 
would not have diabetes."

5. Avoid any threats unless you think them through carefully and
definitely intend to carry them out. There may be times, of 
course, when a specific action is necessary to protect children. 
Idle threats only make the person feel you don't mean what you say.

6. If the person uses drugs and/or alcohol, don't take it away from 
them or try to hide it. Usually this only pushes the person into 
a state of desperation and/or depression. In the end he/she will 
simply find news ways of getting more drugs or alcohol if he/she
wants them badly enough. This is not the time or place for a
power struggle.

7. On the other hand, if excessive use of drugs and/or alcohol is
really a problem, don't let the person persuade you to use drugs 
or drink with him/her on the grounds that it will make him/her 
use less. It rarely does. Besides, when you condone the use of 
drugs or alcohol, it is likely to cause the person to put off
seeking necessary help.

8. Don't be jealous of the method of recovery the person chooses. 
The tendency is to think that love of home and family is enough 
incentive to get well, and that outside therapy should not be
needed.

Frequently the motivation of regaining self respect is more 
compelling for the person than resumption of family 
responsibilities. You may feel left out when the person turns 
to other people for mutual support. You wouldn't be jealous 
of their doctor for treating them, would you?

9. Don't expect an immediate 100 percent recovery. In any 
illness, there is a period of convalescence. There may be 
relapses and times of tension and resentment.

10. Don't try to protect the person from situations which you believe
they might find stressful or depressing. One of the quickest ways
to push someone with a mood disorder away from you is to make them
feel like you want them to be dependent on you.

Each person must learn for themselves what works best for them, 
especially in social situations. If, for example, you try to
"shush" people who ask questions about the disorder, treatment,
medications, etc., you will most likely stir up old feelings of 
resentment and inadequacy. Let the person decide for THEMSELVES
whether to answer questions, or to gracefully say "I'd prefer to
discuss something else, and I really hope that doesn't offend you".

11. Don't do for the person that which he/she can do for him/herself. 
You cannot take the medicine for him/her; you cannot feel his/her
feelings for him/her, and you can't solve his/her problems for 
him/her; so don't try. Don't remove problems before the person 
can face them, solve them or suffer the consequences.

12. Do offer love, support, and understanding in the recovery,
regardless of the method chosen. For example, some people 
choose to take meds; some choose not to. Each has advantages 
and disadvantages (more side-effects versus greater possibility of
relapse, for example). Expressing disapproval of the method
chosen will only deepen the person's feeling that anything 
they do will be wrong.


--------------------------------------------------------
5.2 What to do (and what not to do) if you suspect that
someone you care about needs help, but resists
seeking it for themselves.
--------------------------------------------------------

First, re-read section 5.1. Now, re-read it again. :-)

Okay. Now that you're back with us... 

One of the most frightening and frustrating aspects of this illness, for
friends, family, and loved ones, is that many bipolar people resist seeking
help. 

When you're depressed, you may not believe that help is possible...
so why bother?

When you're hypomanic or manic, you may well be irritated or offended when 
someone suggests that you need help. If the mania is euphoric in nature,
then you don't WANT help... at least initially, it feels GREAT (though it's
hell for the people around you.)

Some bipolar people refuse to seek help for their entire lives. Others resist
at first, but ultimately acknowledge that they cannot control this illness all
by themselves.

This happens for a variety of reasons--fear, mistrust, denial--but here's what
it boils down to:

If someone doesn't want treatment, there are only very limited circumstances in
which it can be forced upon them.

In most places in the civilized world, unless the person with bipolar disorder
presents an imminent danger to his or her own health and safety, or to the
lives of others, THEY CANNOT BE FORCED INTO TREATMENT.

This is bitter medicine to take when you love someone and are watching them
seemingly self-destruct. The hard truth is, you can't live someone else's life
for them, as much as you might want to... and as much as you might think that
what you're doing, you're doing for their own good.

Another, related issue--what if the person that you're concerned about is
seeking a form of help that you fear won't be useful?

The vast majority of bipolar people who decide to pursue treatment utilize
traditional, allopathic medicine and/or conventional psychotherapy as treatment
resources; the outcomes in these cases are generally much more positive than if
the illness is left untreated.

However, this is by no means a universal truth.

Some bipolar people pursue alternative therapies and treatments--either after
medical treatment has seemingly failed, or due to a general mistrust of doctors
and drugs. These therapies may range from outright quackery (Reichian "orgone
boxes" and similar silliness) to therapies for which some interesting and
promising anecdotal evidence exists (such as orthomolecular/nutritional
therapy) but no studies conclusively proving efficacy have been published and
reviewed. The outcomes in these cases vary widely... but if you *believe* that
something will help you, often it does; the mind is funny that way. :-) 

Some bipolar people pursue spirituality as part of their treatment/coping
regiment; others eschew it entirely.

Again: as loopy as some of this stuff might sound, you can't live someone
else's life... and the fact that the bipolar person is taking some
responsibility for his or her own care is a very promising sign.

A final note: If you're a friend, family member, or loved one of a person with
bipolar disorder, you need to remember to look out for yourself. As much as
you might love the person, don't let yourself become a financial or emotional
victim. There are family support groups and other resources available to you:
take advantage of them, and network with people who are in similar situations.

See "Resource Organizations" for groups that meet in your area.



----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
6.0 Resources for education and support
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

This section details Internet, print, and other resources available to
people with Bipolar Disorder and their friends and family.


-----------------------
6.1 Internet Resources
-----------------------

Mailing Lists
-------------

-- Pendulum (Mailing List)

The "pendulum" mailing list is a support group for people who have a
cyclical affective disorder (either bipolar or unipolar
depression). 

Anything relating to mood disorders is fair game for discussion, including:

o Lithium treatment: methodologies and side-effects.
o Treatment with anti-depressant medications: tri-cyclics, Prozac,
Zoloft, and the like.
o Effect of MD illness on people you are close to.
o How to deal with the strange things you may have done while under
the grip of MD illness.
o Dealing with mental health professionals, particularly, what to do
when you come up against incompetence, and how to find a quality
psychiatrist, psychologist, or counselor.
o How to recognize the warning signs of an impending manic swing.
o How to recognize the warning signs of suicide.

SUBSCRIPTION POLICY: due to problems on the list in December 1995, the
list has been placed in CLOSED subscription mode (i.e. the list-owner
hand-processes each sub request). In addition, only subbed members of
the list may post to the list, with a very few exceptions. There are
several things the list-owner does to lessen the probability that
dysphoric individuals bent on trolling, will pop on/off the list:

o each sub request is held at least 48 hours before processing.
o some potential subscribers may be asked in advance if they will
observe certain rules, particularly with regard to use of alternate
IDs, and use of automatic mail-handling (e.g. forwarding) software.
o users of certain ISPs from which problems have originated, and
account names which appear suspicious, may be asked for a real
name, city/state of residence, and telephone number (to verify
identity via directory assistance or direct query). If
requested, this info is discarded within 2 months of subscription.

Regular (non-3rd-party) un-subs are handled immediately by the server;
there is no wait in that case.

FOR THOSE CONCERNED ABOUT PRIVACY: please note that the Majordomo
server allows users who are registered on this list, to find out the
membership of the mailing list, via the server's "who" command. Since
this list is typed "private", users not registered on the list cannot
receive this information. Also, real names are never inserted in the
list when sub requests are manually processed. If however, this is
still of concern to you, notify pendulum-owner.

To subscribe to pendulum, send a message to:

[email protected]  

containing the line

SUBSCRIBE PENDULUM (e-mail address)

(To subscribe to the Digest form, substitute SUBSCRIBE PENDULUM-DIGEST
above.)


-- Walkers-in-Darkness

Walkers-in-Darkness is a list for people diagnosed with
various depressive disorders (unipolar, atypical, and 
bipolar depression, S.A.D., related disorders). The list 
also includes sufferers of panic attacks and Borderline 
Personality Disorder. Please, no researchers trying to 
study us, etc. (Postings are copyrighted by individual 
posters.) 

To subscribe to walkers or walkers-digest, send a message
to:

[email protected]  

containing one of the following lines:

SUBSCRIBE WALKERS (your e-mail address) for the mailing list, or

SUBSCRIBE WALKERS-DIGEST (your e-mail address) for the digest. 


-- MADNESS 

MADNESS is an electronic action and information letter
for people who experience moods swings, fright, voices, and
visions. (People Who). To subscribe, send a message to:

[email protected]  

with this command in the body of the message:

SUBSCRIBE MADNESS (first name) (last name) 


USENET Newsgroups
----------------- 

The two principal newsgroups of interest to people with Bipolar Disorder
are:

alt.support.depression.manic (ASDM) and
soc.support.depression.manic (SSDM).


The following newsgroups may also be helpful and interesting:

alt.support.depression 

alt.support.depression.seasonal

alt.society.mental-health

bionet.neuroscience

sci.med.psychobiology

sci.psychology.announce

sci.psychology.consciousness

sci.psychology.journals.psyche

sci.psychology.journals.psycoloquy

sci.psychology.misc

sci.psychology.personality

sci.psychology.psychotherapy

sci.psychology.research

sci.psychology.theory

soc.support.depression.crisis

soc.support.depression.family

soc.support.depression.misc

soc.support.depression.seasonal

soc.support.depression.treatment



World Wide Web Sites
--------------------

The gold standard for bipolar-related Web sites is Pendulum Resources,
maintained by Doug Barlow ([email protected])  and found at:

http://www.mindspring.com/~hugman/pendulum 

Doug links to many related sites as well.

Another terrific site is Dr. Ivan K. Goldberg's "Depression Central" at:

http://www.psycom.net/depression.central.html 

Both of these sites are regularly and conscientiously maintained
and contain numerous outside links.




----------
6.2 Books
----------

Q: What are some good books to read about bipolar disorder?

A: Everyone has their own favorites. The ones that are most often mentioned or
recommended are:

"A Brilliant Madness" by Patty Duke and Dr. Gloria Hochman
"An Unquiet Mind" by Dr. Kay Redfield Jamison
"The Depression Workbook" by Mary Ellen Copeland
"Touched With Fire" by Dr. Kay Redfield Jamison
"Questions and Answers about Depression and Its Treatment" by Dr. Ivan Goldberg

The standard medical textbook on bipolar disorder is "Manic Depressive Illness"
by Frederick Goodwin and Kay Redfield Jamison.

Full references for these books, and many more, can be found below. The
following list of books has been derived from various sources, including Joy
Ikelman's Media File. (To obtain the latest version of the Media File--a
listing of books, movies, tapes, plays, and other media resources of interest
to folks with bipolar disorder, send e-mail to Joy at [email protected].)

*******************************************************************************

Title: A Brilliant Madness: Living with Manic Depressive Illness
Author: Patty Duke (Anna Pearce) and Dr. Gloria Hochman
Publisher: Bantam Books; 1992
ISBN: 0-553-07256-0
Comments: Patty Duke's very personal account of her struggle with
manic-depression. Duke writes every other chapter, while
Hochman writes about the more clinical aspects of
manic-depression.


Title: The Broken Brain: The Biological Revolution in Psychiatry
Author: Nancy Andreasen, M.D., Ph.D.
Publisher/Year: Harper-Perennial; 1984
ISBN: 0-060-91272-3
Comments: Scientific theories on biochemistry, brain function and
biophysics of neurotransmission. Language is semi-technical
but meant for the layperson.


Title: A Brotherhood of Tyrants: Manic Depression and Absolute
Power
Authors: D. Jablow Hershman & Julian Lieb
Publisher/Year: 1994
ISBN: 0-87975-888-0
Comments: The authors consider tyranny as the product of bipolar
disorder (especially mania) together with ruthlessness, ambition,
paranoia, and other charming qualities. The approach is
interdisciplinary, combining psychiatry and history. They present
biographies of the public and private lives of Napoleon,
Hitler, and Stalin.


Title: Call Me Anna; The Autobiography of Patty Duke
Author: Patty Duke (Anna Pearce) (with Kenneth Duran)
Publisher/Year: Bantam Books, 1987
ISBN: 0-553-05209-9
Comments: Patty Duke's autobiography.


Title: Creative Brainstorms: The Relationship Between Madness
and Genius
Author: Russell R. Monroe, M.D.
Publisher: Irvington Publishers, Inc. 740 Broadway, NY NY 10003
ISBN: 0-8290-1769-0
Comments: Robert Lowell and Ernest Hemingway are the main persons the
author uses as examples of artists with manic-depression.
Others are mentioned: Ezra Pound, Mary Lamb, Virginia Woolf.


Title: The Depression Workbook: A Guide for Living with Depression and 
Manic Depression
Author: Mary Ellen Copeland
Publisher: New Haringer Publications; 1992
ISBN:
Comments: A detailed overview of the history, causes and treatment
of mood disorders. Offers step-by-step, self-help guidance
for taking responsibility for your own wellness; using
charts to track and control your moods; find appropriate
mental health professionals; build a support system,
increase your self-confidence and self-esteem; using
relaxation, diet, exercise and full-spectrum light to
stabilize your moods; and avoid conditions that can
exacerbate you moods swings. "An essential tool to assist
people struggling with depression and mania to gain insight
to actively enter a lifelong journey of healing and
wellness."


Title: Depression: The Mood Disease
Author: Francis M. Mondimore, M.D.
Publisher/Year: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990
ISBN: 0-801-83856-8
Comments: Contains-- Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment (Mood,
Depression, Bipolar Disorder), Variations, Causes, and Connections,
and Getting Better. From the jacket: "Dr. Mondimore's book reduces
the complexities of this baffling and very common illness to terms
the general reader can understand. Having been treated for
manic-depression for more than ten years and considering myself
something of a lay expert, I was pleasantly surprised at
how much this book increased my own knowledge of the subject."
--Thomas M. Posey, President, National Alliance for the Mentally Ill.


Title: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric
Association (DSM-IV)
Publisher/Year: Version IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994
ISBN: 0-89042-062-9
Comments: Lists all mental illnesses and diagnostic criteria and assigns
a coding system. Fascinating reading.


Title: The Emotional Pharmacy
Author: Roberta Morgan
Publisher/Year: Body Press, 1988
ISBN: 0-895-86709-5
Comments: Covers psychological problems treatable with psychoactives as
well as recreationals and their affect on brain chemistry and
behavior.


Title: The Essential Guide to Psychiatric Drugs
Author: Jack Gorman
Publisher/Year: St. Martin's Press; 1992
ISBN: 0-312-06967-7
Comments: Discussion of psychiatric drugs, info about side effects,
and practical tips, in non-technical language.


Title: Feeling Good: The New Mood Therapy
Author: David Burns, M.D.
Publisher/Year: Signet; 1980
ISBN: 0-451-16776-7
Comments: Self-help cognitive therapy techniques for depression,
anxiety, etc.


Title: The Feeling Good Handbook
Author: David D. Burns, M.D.
Publisher/Year: Plume; 1989
ISBN: 0-452-26174-0


Title: Fire in the Brain: Clinical Tales of Hallucinations
Author: Ronald K. Siegel
Publisher/Year: E.P. Dutton, NY; 1992
ISBN:
Comments: Siegel is a professor at UCLA School of Medicine's Department
of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. Studies of various
hallucinatory experiences, including sleep disorder states.


Title: The Good News About Depression
Author: Mark S. Gold
Publisher/Year: Bantam; 1986
ISBN: 0-553-34511-7
Comments: Nontechnical discussion of depression as a biochemical illness.


Title: The Good News About Panic, Anxiety and Phobias; Cures,
Treatments and Solutions in the New Age of Biopsychiatry
Author: Mark S. Gold, M.D.
Publisher/Year: 1989
ISBN:
Comments: How biological mimickers can cause psychiatric symptoms,
caffeine, sunlight, OCD, medications, tests, MAO levels, etc.
Lists resources by state and contains a bibliography.


Title: Graedons' Best Medicine from Herbal Remedies to High-
Tech Rx Breakthroughs
Authors: Joe and Teresa Graedon
Publisher/Year: 1991
ISBN:
Comments: Very readable, nontech reference book with useful inserts
on such topics as "Drug-induced Insomnia." Has separate chapters
on "High Anxiety," "Mind Matters," and others.


Title: How to Cope with Depression - A Complete Guide for You and Your
Family
Author: J. Raymond DePaulo, Jr. M.D. and Keith Russel Ablow, M.D.
Publisher/Year: Ballantine Books; 1989
ISBN: 0-449-21930-5


Title: Impressive Depressives
Author: Peter Nolan Lawrence
Publisher/Year: 1994
ISBN: 0-95-22806-04
Comments: The author is bipolar, himself. Lawrence cites 75 bipolar
people including Bach, Beethoven, Rossini, JMW Turner, Dumas,
Shelley, Byron, Lincoln, Edison and the author himself. Published
in aid of the (U.K.) Manic Depression Fellowship.


Title: Key to Genius: Manic Depression and the Creative Life
Author: D. Jablow Hershman & Julian Lieb
Publisher/Year: Prometheus, 1988
ISBN:
Comments: A discussion of imagination, manic depression, and a few famous
people of the past as examples.


Title: Listening To Prozac
Author: Peter D. Kramer, M.D.
Publisher/Year: Viking; 1993
ISBN: 0-670-84183-8
Comments: A psychiatrist explores some of the implications of anti-
depressants, and especially of Prozac's unusual effects on
the personality. Kramer also discusses the recent research
on depression, as well as several other issues which seem
linked to depression.


Title: Lithium Encyclopedia for Clinical Practice
Authors: J.W. Jefferson, J.H. Geist, D.L. Ackerman, J.A. Carroll
Publisher/Year: American Psychiatric Press, Inc., Washington, DC
1987
Comments: This book addresses the action of lithium, its interaction
with other drugs, its effects on other conditions, side
effects, and practical advice for use.


Title: The Looney Bin Trip
Author: Kate Millett
Publisher/Year: Simon and Schuster, NY, 1990
ISBN: 0-671-67930-9
Comments: Miller is manic depressive. She writes of her experiences in
mental hospitals in the U.S. and Ireland, and of her life in
setting up a woman's cooperative. Controversial reading.


Title: Lost Puritan: A Life of Robert Lowell
Author: Paul Mariani
Publisher/Year: W.W. Norton & Co., NY, 1994
ISBN: 0-393-03661-8
Comments: A very readable biography of Robert Lowell, poet, using
hundreds of Lowell's unpublished manuscripts and letters, and
dozens of interviews. Fully covers Lowell's manic depressive
episodes and how they affected his life. Also gives a window
into treatment of manic depression in the 1950s and 60s.


Title: Manic Depression: Illness or Awakening
Author: Robert E. Kelly
Publisher/Year: Knowledge Unlimited Publishers, 1995


Title: Manic-Depressive Illness
Author: Fredrick K. Goodwin, M.D., & Kay Redfield Jamison, Ph.D.
Publisher/Year: Oxford; 1990
ISBN: 0-195-03934-3
Comments: This is THE medical textbook for manic depression. It is
technical, but excellent. Highly recommended.


Title: Medicine and Mental Illness; the Use of Drugs in Psychiatry
Authors: Marvin E. Lickey and Barbara Gordon
Publisher/Year: W.H. Freeman & Co., NY, 1991
ISBN: 0-7167-2196-1 (soft)
Comments: Provides an overview of drug therapies for varying forms
of mental illness.


Title: Mind, Mood, and Medicine: A Guide to the New Biopsychiatry
Author: Paul H. Wender, and Donald F. Klein
Publisher/Year: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, Pub., 1981
Comments: Non-technical, goes into the biological bases of psychiatric
illnesses, and also treatments (as of 1981).


Title: Moodswing
Author: Ronald Fieve
Publisher/Year: Bantam Books, 1989 (Revised)
ISBN: 0-553-27983-1
Comments: A "classic." Contains information and anecdotal stories about
depressives and manic depressives; by the individual who spearheaded
lithium therapy.


Title: 9 Highland Road
Author: Michael Winerup
Publisher/Year: Pantheon Books, 1994
ISBN: 0-679-40724-3
Comments: (jacket notes) "An unprecedented and riveting account of
the life and lives of a group home for the mentally ill: the
residents, their families, and the counselors, social workers,
and psychologists which whom they work." Includes struggles
with illnesses plus the struggle with bureaucracies in
keeping the home alive. Excellent book for those interested in
patient advocacy.


Title: On the Edge of Darkness: Conversations about Conquering
Depression.
Author: Kathy Cronkite
Publisher/Year: Doubleday; 1994
ISBN: 0-385-42194-X
Comments: Features a variety of personal stories about unipolar
and bipolar disorder, including those of some famous, living
people.


Title: Overcoming Depression
Author: Dimitri F. and Janice Papolos
Publisher/Year: Harper-Perennial; 1992. (revised)
ISBN: 0-060-96594-0 (paper)
Comments: Good basic text on the various aspects of depression and
manic/depression. Considered by some to be a "classic" in
the field.


Title: Physicians' Desk Reference, 49th Edition (also in paperback, in
condensed version)
Medical Consultant: Arky, Ronald, M.D.
ISBN: N/A
Comments: The standard guide to prescription drugs for physicians. 
Usually referred to as "The PDR."

An expensive, but worthwhile investment for anyone who's ever been
told that ANY drug is "perfectly safe" or "without side-effects".
Cross-indexed by manufacturers brand names, generic names, product
identification guide, product information, and diagnostic 
information. A "must-have" for anyone who wishes to be an informed
consumer.


Title: The Pill Book
Editor: Lawrence Chilnick (editor)
Publisher/Year: Bantam Books, NY; (6th Edition, paperback)
ISBN: 0-553-29463-6
Comments: An illustrated guide to the most-prescribed drugs in the
United States. Invaluable resource. Unlike the PDR, where the
information is supplied by drug manufacturers, The Pill Book
has been compiled by an independent panel of doctors and 
researchers. HIGHLY RECOMMENDED.


Title: Questions and Answers about Depression and its Treatment
Author: Dr. Ivan Goldberg
Publisher/Year: The Charles Press; 1993.
ISBN: ISBN 0-914783-68-8
Comments: A 112 page FAQ on depression & manic depression. Covers all
aspects. HIGHLY RECOMMENDED. If your bookstore doesn't have 
this one, ask them to order it.


Title: Receptors
Author: Richard M. Restak, M.D.
Publisher/Year: Bantam Books, NY; 1994
ISBN: NA
Comments: "The author is an M.D. who also suffers from unipolar depression. 
Although he's not anti-med, he doesn't claim that medications
will solve everything either. He writes about how our 
neurological receptors work and about how they affect how we
feel. Although the book is detailed, it's not so technical that 
you need a PhD to understand what he's saying. He provides a history
of how the different receptors were discovered, and also discusses
how alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, heroin, cocaine, and prescription
drugs effect us. One chapter is devoted to the discovery of lithium
and discusses how it is used to treat people with manic depression." 


Title: This for Remembrance; The Autobiography of Rosemary
Clooney
Author: Rosemary Clooney, with Raymond Strait
Publisher/Date: Simon & Schuster, NY, 1977
ISBN: 0-671-16976-9
Comments: Clooney is bipolar; the first three chapters detail the manic
episode which led to her hospitalization.


Title: Touched with Fire: Manic-depressive Illness and the Artistic
Temperament
Author: Kay Redfield Jamison
Publisher/Year: Free Press: Maxwell Macmillan International, 1993.
ISBN: 0-0291-6030-8 (cloth) 0-060-96594-0 (paper)
Comments: A look at a number of 19th century poets, writers, and
composers who were bipolar. Comment by Dr. James D. Watson,
Director of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Novel laureate
and author of The Double Helix: "An emphatic analysis of
the creativity that emerges from a little madness and the
horror from too much." Highly recommended.


Title: True North: A Memoir 
Author: Jill Ker Conway
Publisher/Year: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994
ISBN: 0-679-42099-1
Comments: A memoir that includes, in part, her learning to cope with
her husband's manic-depressive disorder.


Title: Understanding Depression
Author: Donald Klein, M.D., and Paul Wender, M.D. (founders of the
National Assn. for Depressive Illness)
Publisher/Year: Oxford; 1993
ISBN: 0-195-08669-4
Comments: Melvin Sabshin, M.D., Medical Director, American Psychiatric
Assn. writes: "A very good source of information that will
be extraordinarily useful to patients and their families."


Title: An Unquiet Mind: A Memoir of Moods and Madness 
Author: Kay Jamison
Publisher/Year: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995
ISBN: 0-679-44374-6
Comments: Kay Jamison's autobiography. Jamison, a renowned and respected
researcher in the field of manic depression, is bipolar. This
small book is easily readable and recommended.


Title: Waking Up, Alive
Author: Richard Heckler
Publisher/Year:
ISBN:
Comments: A recommended book about the subject of suicide.


Title: The Way Up From Down
Author: Priscilla Slagle, M.D.
Publisher/Year: NA
ISBN: 0-312-92914-5
Comments: It stresses a nutritional approach heavy on the amino acid
tyrosine, and a complete vitamin supplement program. May work for
people with less difficult forms of depression.


Title: We Heard the Angels of Madness: One Family's Struggle with
Manic Depression
Authors: Diane and Lisa Berger
Publisher/Year: Morrow, 1991
ISBN: 0-688-09178-4
Comments: Forwarded by Alexander Vuckovic, M.D. Written by a
mother who had a son stricken by manic-depression at 19 and
the rough road they walked to get him the help he needed.


Title: What to do During Depression: A Reason to Live
Author: Melody Beattie (General Editor).
Publisher/Year: Tyndale House Publishers, Inc.; 1992.
ISBN: 0-8423-0988-8
Comments: This is a book that explores reasons to live and reasons not
to commit suicide. It also contains suggestions for life-
affirming actions people can take to help themselves get
through those times when they're struggling to find a reason
to live.


Title: What You Need to Know About Psychiatric Drugs
Author: Stuart C. Yudofsky,M.D.; Robert E. Hales,M.D.; and Tom
Ferguson,M.D.
Publisher/Year: Ballantine; 1991
ISBN: 0-345-37334-0


Title: When the Blues Won't Go Away
Author: Robert Hirschfeld, M.D.
Publisher/Year: 1991
ISBN: 0-025-51825-9
Comments: Concerns new approaches to Dysthymic Disorder and other
forms of chronic low-grade depression.


Title: Winter Blues: Seasonal Affective Disorder and How to Overcome
It.
Author: Norman Rosenthal, M.D.
Publisher/Year: The Guilfold Press; 1993
ISBN: 0-898-62149-6


Title: X Ray
Author: Ray Davies
Publisher/Year: 1995
ISBN:
Comments: Tells Ray Davies own tales of his life up through the early
1970s. It is done in a semi-fictional style. Davies, a founding 
member of the English band The Kinks, is openly manic-depressive.


Title: You Are Not Alone
Author: Julia Thorne with Larry Rothstein
Publisher/Year: Harper Collins; 1993
ISBN: 0-060-96977-6
Comments: The writings of depressives, for both depressives and those
who need to understand them. Shervert Frazier, M.D., former
director of the National Institutes of Mental Health says:
"A ground breaking book that...reveals the impact of
depression on the lives of everyday people. This little book
is must reading for sufferers, those associated with
depression, and mental health professionals"


Title: You Mean I Don't Have To Feel This Way?
Author: Collette Dowling
Publisher/Year: Bantam Books; 1993
ISBN: 0-553-37169-X
Comments: Jeffrey M. Jonas, M.D. writes: "An important book that is
filled with information helpful to sufferers of mood and
eating disorders and other illnesses. It should be read not
only by lay people but also by professionals who deal with
these illnesses."


*** 6.3 Magazine and Journal Articles

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*** 7.0 Controversial Issues - making sense of them

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*** 7.1 To drug, or not to drug?

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*** 7.2 Should I participate in a study or other 
research program?

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*** 7.3 How do I evaluate "alternative" therapies?

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----------------------------------------
7.4 The Psychiatric Survivors' Movement
-----------------------------------------

The following information was supplied by David Oaks ([email protected]) of the
Support Coalition, and is abstracted from the Support Coalition FAQ:

Since the very origins of psychiatry, psychiatric survivors
have individually resisted human rights violations and
sought humane alternatives. In the past 25 years, however,
a small wave of diverse organized groups, networks,
publications, conferences have sprung up and connected
internationally. Sometimes called the "psychiatric
survivors liberation movement," or the "mental health
consumers movement," or even just "mad lib," you are near
a gateway reaching some of the most incredible examples of
sheer human survival.

The sisters and brothers in our movement survived lock-ups
and forced shock. Forced drugs and labels. Homelessness
and solitary confinement. And yet still they have
continued to resist, to remember the many killed by
psychiatry. We've continued to laugh, cry, rant -- but
never stay silent -- directly in the face of the 20th
century's most brutal high-tech attempts at mind control.

Support Coalition is an independent alliance of 30 of these
grassroots groups in the USA, Canada, Europe and New
Zealand. Several of Support Coalition's key leaders have
been front-line grassroots activists who have kept the
candle of struggle lit for over two decades. Dendron News 
is Support Coalition's voice. Dendron is a "madness network
newspaper" that now reaches 15,000 people internationally.

"Dendrites" are our electronic human rights alerts, sent
out on the Internet intermittently. "Dendrite" is a free
one-way low- volume Internet mailing list. To subscribe
just e-mail to [email protected] with just these words in
the body of your message: 

subscribe dendrite

"Dendron" is different because it's our hard-copy NEWSPAPER.

We have a web site! The URL is as follows:

http://www.efn.org/~dendron

There's also a free, anything-goes, for-fun mailing list on
"healing normality." You can join that by e-mailing
[email protected] with just these two words in the body of
your message:

subscribe healnorm 


*** 7.5 Critics of Psychiatry and Psychology

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*** 8.0 Is there life (and hope) after diagnosis?

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*** 8.1 Coping hints from readers and participants

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*** 8.2 Research trends and directions

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